[48], DDT became a prime target of the growing anti-chemical and anti-pesticide movements, and in 1967 a group of scientists and lawyers founded the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) with the specific goal of enacting a ban on DDT. These included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, texaphene, and mirex. Thyroid hormones influence the development and function of the peripheral and central nervous system. These methods have seen little application in Africa for more than half a century. [83][84][85] DDE acts as a weak androgen receptor antagonist, but not as an estrogen. Why was DDT initially seen as a miracle breakthrough? Pyrethroids such as deltamethrin are also more expensive than DDT, but are applied more sparingly (0.02–0.3 g/m2 vs 1–2 g/m2), so the net cost per house per treatment is about the same. The amount of decline was directly associated with years of DDT application. India is the only country still manufacturing DDT, and is the largest consumer. The former affects a very small portion of the body, like a tooth or a small area of the skin, whereas regional anesthesia numbs a larger part, like an entire arm or leg. This effect of DDT seems to be reversible. WHO plans to implement alternatives to DDT to achieve this goal. Resistance and the harm both to humans and the environment led many governments to curtail DDT use in vector control and agriculture. [124], IRS is effective if at least 80% of homes and barns in a residential area are sprayed. In women, DDE can cause a reduction in the duration of lactation and an increased chance of … "[117] In India outdoor sleeping and night duties are common, implying that "the excito-repellent effect of DDT, often reported useful in other countries, actually promotes outdoor transmission". [131][132] The residues in crops at levels unacceptable for export have been an important factor in bans in several tropical countries. [5] More than 600,000 tonnes (1.35 billion pounds) were applied in the US before the 1972 ban. [81][82] It is considered likely to be a human carcinogen although the majority of studies suggest it is not directly genotoxic. People who have accidentally swallowed large amounts of DDT became excitable and had tremors and seizures. ", This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 15:21. ", "DDT, global strategies, and a malaria control crisis in South America", "The Grasshopper Effect and Tracking Hazardous Air Pollutants", "Presence of PCB, DDE and DDT in human milk in the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada", "The Pine River statement: human health consequences of DDT use", "Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils – A hidden reality unfolded", "Ríos hormonados: Contamination of Spanish Rivers with Pesticides", "California condors and DDT: Examining the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in a critically endangered species", "The Science Behind Northport's Gull Island", "New Hurdle for California Condors May Be DDT From Years Ago", "Terrestrial Scavenging of Marine Mammals: Cross-Ecosystem Contaminant Transfer and Potential Risks to Endangered California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus)", National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, "European Food Safety Administration – DDT", "Persistent DDT metabolite p,p'–DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist", "DDT and breast cancer in young women: new data on the significance of age at exposure", "The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review", "Effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides on thyroid function during pregnancy", "Autism and DDT: What one million pregnancies can – and can't – reveal", "Association of Maternal Insecticide Levels With Autism in Offspring From a National Birth Cohort", "IARC Monographs evaluate DDT, lindane, and 2,4-D", "Pesticide exposure and liver cancer: a review", "Exposure to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "Environmental causes of breast cancer and radiation from medical imaging: findings from the Institute of Medicine report", "Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: new evidence 2005–2007", "DDT Exposure in Utero and Breast Cancer", "Malaria: A Disease Close to Eradication Grows, Aided by Political Tumult in Sri Lanka", "On the road to eliminate malaria in Sri Lanka: lessons from history, challenges, gaps in knowledge and research needs", "Who gives indoor use of DDT a clean bill of health for controlling malaria", "Countries move toward more sustainable ways to roll back malaria", "Roll Back Malaria: a failing global health campaign", "The history of 20th century malaria control in Peru", "Should the use of DDT be revived for malaria vector control? Corrections? [89], In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified DDT as Group 2A "probably carcinogenic to humans". Neurological symptoms might arise from multiple causes. It's not so much what chronic stress does to the nervous system, but what continuous activation of the nervous system does to other bodily systems that become problematic. Items that can contain DDT. The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system effects on some areas of the body are listed below:. [51], Some uses of DDT continued under the public health exemption. ", "Malaria Worldwide – How Can Malaria Cases and Deaths Be Reduced? Field effectiveness of malaria prevention techniques in solomon islands, 1993–1999", "Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam", "Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott, Mauritania", Scorecard: The Pollution Information Site – DDT, "100 Things You Should Know About DDT: DDT A Weapon of Mass Survival", "Rachel Carson, Mass Murderer? [101], Malaria remains the primary public health challenge in many countries. [34] DDT has one of the longest residual efficacy periods of any IRS insecticide, lasting 6 to 12 months. While DDT's chemical and insecticidal properties were important factors in these victories, advances in application equipment coupled with competent organization and sufficient manpower were also crucial to the success of these programs. How can DDT affect my health? For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress flea vectors of bubonic plague. for animals, such as birds, it can disturb the reproductive processes, such as thinning the eggshells or lead to imbalances of ions in cells that affects the nervous system in some fish. Routes of loss and degradation include runoff, volatilization, photolysis and aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation. DDT also has serious health effects on humans. [123], A few people and groups[who?] The nervous system is very complex and toxins can act at many different points in this complex system. For the first time, researches from the University of Copenhagen have now been able to determine how the drug works in the nervous system. The coronaviruses are a group of large enveloped RNA viruses that infect both animals and humans. Urban use ended. How Does the Nervous System Affect Behavior? [148], In Mexico, effective and affordable chemical and non-chemical strategies were so successful that the Mexican DDT manufacturing plant ceased production due to lack of demand. More severe poisonings cause seizures and possibly coma. DDT is similar in structure to the insecticide methoxychlor and the acaricide dicofol.It is highly hydrophobic and nearly insoluble in water but has good solubility in most organic solvents, fats and oils.DDT does not occur naturally and is synthesised by consecutive Friedel–Crafts reactions between chloral (CCl 3 CHO) and two equivalents of chlorobenzene (C [51] Industry sought to overturn the ban, while the EDF wanted a comprehensive ban. [38] A 2017 review of liver cancer studies concluded that "organochlorine pesticides, including DDT, may increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk". Reference is often made to Silent Spring, even though Carson never pushed for a DDT ban. In their campaign against the chemical, the EDF petitioned the government for a ban and filed lawsuits. How does DDT work? [1], In the 1970s and 1980s, agricultural use was banned in most developed countries, beginning with Hungary in 1968,[53] followed by Norway and Sweden in 1970, West Germany and the United States in 1972, but not in the United Kingdom until 1984. DDT, abbreviation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, also called 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, a synthetic insecticide belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, highly toxic toward a wide variety of insects as a contact poison that apparently exerts its effect by disorganizing the nervous system. WHO guidelines require that absence of resistance must be confirmed before using the chemical. Many people think of the respiratory symptoms that go along with COVID-19, but as the weeks have gone on, doctors realized the nervous system -- the brain, spinal cord and nerves -- can become involved. [22] DDT resistance is also conferred by up-regulation of genes expressing cytochrome P450 in some insect species,[23] as greater quantities of some enzymes of this group accelerate the toxin's metabolism into inactive metabolites. People who accidcn- tally swallowed large amounts of DDT became excitable and had tremors and seizures. [8] Silent Spring was a best seller, and public reaction to it launched the modern environmental movement in the United States. [153], A study in the Solomon Islands found that "although impregnated bed nets cannot entirely replace DDT spraying without substantial increase in incidence, their use permits reduced DDT spraying". [21], In insects, DDT opens sodium ion channels in neurons, causing them to fire spontaneously, which leads to spasms and eventual death. [20][106] Resistance was largely fueled by unrestricted agricultural use. [11][12], DDT is similar in structure to the insecticide methoxychlor and the acaricide dicofol. Results regarding a possible association with liver cancer and biliary tract cancer are conflicting: workers who did not have direct occupational DDT contact showed increased risk. : The creation of an anti-environmental myth", "Fateful Voice of a Generation Still Drowns Out Real Science", "If Malaria's the Problem, DDT's Not the Only Answer", 'Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT. It is particularly effective against mosquitoes, since many species rest on an indoor wall before or after feeding. [111] WHO reaffirmed its commitment to phasing out DDT, aiming "to achieve a 30% cut in the application of DDT world-wide by 2014 and its total phase-out by the early 2020s if not sooner" while simultaneously combating malaria. Pure DDT is a colourless, crystalline solid that melts at 109° C (228° F); the commercial product, which is usually 65 to 80 percent active compound, along with related substances, is an amorphous powder that has a lower melting point. "Debating the health effects of DDT: Thomas Jukes, Charles Wurster, and the fate of an environmental pollutant. The o,p' isomeric impurity is also present in significant amounts (15%). Dr. Liebeskind: In terms of direct neurological involvement, the best way to think about this is in terms of what path the virus can take to get into the nervous system. [36][110], DDT remains on WHO's list of insecticides recommended for IRS. The cases were consolidated, and in 1973 the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the EPA had acted properly in banning DDT. Berry-Cabán, Cristóbal S. "DDT and silent spring: fifty years after. [19] During the late 1970s, the EPA also began banning organochlorines, pesticides that were chemically similar to DDT. Due to hydrophobic properties, in aquatic ecosystems DDT and its metabolites are absorbed by aquatic organisms and adsorbed on suspended particles, leaving little DDT dissolved in the water (however, its half-life in aquatic environments is listed by the National Pesticide Information Center as 150 years[62]). DDT also has serious health effects on humans. [150], However, a study in Thailand found the cost per malaria case prevented of DDT spraying (US$1.87) to be 21% greater than the cost per case prevented of lambda-cyhalothrin–treated nets (US$1.54),[151] casting some doubt on the assumption that DDT was the most cost-effective measure. The causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, is a novel coronavirus, with well-recognized lung complications. Although it was promoted by government and industry for use as an agricultural and household pesticide, there were also concerns about its use from the beginning. It was not applied at all in sub-Saharan Africa due to these perceived difficulties. [19] Again, this caused controversy. The program switched to malathion, but despite initial successes, malaria continued its resurgence into the 1980s. [30], In 1945, DDT was made available to farmers as an agricultural insecticide[5] and played a role in the temporary elimination of malaria in Europe and North America. ", "Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT)", "Leading Chemical Company – Manufacture, Distribution & Sales", "DDT Disbelievers: Health and the New Economic Poisons in Georgia after World War II", "Technical Guide No. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. have argued that limitations on DDT use for public health purposes have caused unnecessary morbidity and mortality from vector-borne diseases, with some claims of malaria deaths ranging as high as the hundreds of thousands[133] and millions. Aspergers What is... Asperger's syndrome affects the nervous system. [117] Adding to this problem is a lack of skilled personnel and management. [117][123][125] Pyrethroid insecticides (e.g. Although Carson never directly called for an outright ban on the use of DDT, its publication was a seminal event for the environmental movement and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led, in 1972, to a ban on DDT's agricultural use in the United States. DDT and DDE are resistant to metabolism; in humans, their half-lives are 6 and up to 10 years, respectively. DRP Nr 673246, April 27, 1934, American Potato Journal June 1947, Volume 24, Issue 6, pp. drugs don't affect the Nervous System, they affect the brain. The year after it appeared, President John F. Kennedy ordered his Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson's claims. [134] Robert Gwadz of the US National Institutes of Health said in 2007, "The ban on DDT may have killed 20 million children. arabiensis, close to the area where we previously reported pyrethroid-resistance in the vector An. [9][10], Along with the passage of the Endangered Species Act, the United States ban on DDT is a major factor in the comeback of the bald eagle (the national bird of the United States) and the peregrine falcon from near-extinction in the contiguous United States. [34], A WHO study released in January 2008 found that mass distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets and artemisinin–based drugs cut malaria deaths in half in malaria-burdened Rwanda and Ethiopia. [141], In 2019, the related compound difluorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DFDT) was described as a potentially more effective and therefore potentially safer alternative to DDT. According to the EPA, DDT can cause liver damage including liver cancer, nervous system damage, birth defects, and other reproductive harm. – Larval Control and Other Vector Control Interventions", Impact of long-lasting insecticidal-treated nets (LLINs) and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) measured using surveillance data in four African countries, Malaria deaths halved in Rwanda and Ethiopia Better drugs, mosquito nets are the crucial tools, World Health Organization, A story to be shared: The successful fight against malaria in Vietnam, "The evidence base on the cost-effectiveness of malaria control measures in Africa", "Cost-effectiveness and sustainability of lambdacyhalothrin-treated mosquito nets in comparison to DDT spraying for malaria control in western Thailand", "Comparison of the cost and cost-effectiveness of insecticide-treated bednets and residual house-spraying in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa", "A risk analysis model with an ecological perspective on DDT and malaria control in South Africa", "Impregnated nets or DDT residual spraying? [20], When it was introduced in World War II, DDT was effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. DDE and DDD are also the major metabolites and environmental breakdown products. malathion and bendiocarb, respectively, are more expensive than DDT per kilogram and are applied at roughly the same dosage. [1] DDT and its breakdown products are transported from warmer areas to the Arctic by the phenomenon of global distillation, where they then accumulate in the region's food web. [156], Organochloride known for its insecticidal properties, 1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene, InChI=1S/C14H9Cl5/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17,18)19)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8,13H, InChI=1/C14H9Cl5/c15-11-5-1-9(2-6-11)13(14(17,18)19)10-3-7-12(16)8-4-10/h1-8,13H, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, The question that ... malaria control experts must ask is not "Which is worse, malaria or DDT?" [97][98] The United States Institute of Medicine reviewed data on the association of breast cancer with DDT exposure in 2012 and concluded that a causative relationship could neither be proven nor disproven. [80] Multiple mechanisms may be at work, or different mechanisms may operate in different species.[1]. It also reduces the incidence of DDT resistance. The researchers hope this new knowledge can contribute to the production of better and more targeted pain-relieving medication in the future.  In many malaria-endemic countries, malaria transmission occurs year-round, meaning that the high expense conducting a spray campaign (including hiring spray operators, procuring insecticides, and conducting pre-spray outreach campaigns to encourage people to be home and to accept the intervention) will need to occur multiple times per year for these shorter lasting insecticides. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. [1][38], A 2005 Lancet review stated that occupational DDT exposure was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk in 2 case control studies, but another study showed no DDE dose-effect association. Despite there being a lack of confirmed evidence, it has been commonly observed that patients suffering from severe pandemic infection experience hampering of brain functions and neurological damage and complications. "[135] These arguments were rejected as "outrageous" by former WHO scientist Socrates Litsios. They also experienced sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. This study, which suggests a connection between DDT exposure and breast cancer that would not be picked up by most studies, has received variable commentary in third party reviews. Other studies found that DDT or DDE interfere with proper thyroid function in pregnancy and childhood. [74] DDE-related eggshell thinning is considered a major reason for the decline of the bald eagle,[11] brown pelican,[75] peregrine falcon and osprey. Many residents resist DDT spraying, objecting to the lingering smell, stains on walls, and the potential exacerbation of problems with other insect pests. [96], A 2009 review, whose co-authors included persons engaged in DDT-related litigation, reached broadly similar conclusions, with an equivocal association with testicular cancer. How toxic is DDT? Many in the agricultural community were concerned that food production would be severely impacted, while proponents of pesticides warned of increased breakouts of insect-borne diseases and questioned the accuracy of giving animals high amounts of pesticides for cancer potential. "[120], Studies of malaria-vector mosquitoes in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa found susceptibility to 4% DDT (WHO's susceptibility standard), in 63% of the samples, compared to the average of 87% in the same species caught in the open. [44], As its production and use increased, public response was mixed. But does the virus even get into neurons? In some areas resistance reduced DDT's effectiveness. The researchers argued that DDT was the best pesticide for use in IRS (even though it did not afford the most protection from mosquitoes out of the three test chemicals) because the other pesticides worked primarily by killing or irritating mosquitoes – encouraging the development of resistance. [61], DDT is a persistent organic pollutant that is readily adsorbed to soils and sediments, which can act both as sinks and as long-term sources of exposure affecting organisms. Properties and chemistry. [5], Commercial DDT is a mixture of several closely–related compounds. Returning to DDT and introducing new drugs brought malaria back under control. It is difficult, if not impossible, to predict when and where the breeding sites will form, and to find and treat them before the adults emerge. Solution for how does covid19 affect the systems of the body.. for example, nervous system, excretory system, endocrine system? A number of states attempted to regulate DDT. In 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide resulting in an estimated 438,000 deaths, 90% of which occurred in Africa. Body systems affected by DDT. The issue of toxicity was complicated, partly because DDT's effects varied from species to species, and partly because consecutive exposures could accumulate, causing damage comparable to large doses. [84], A 2015 case control study identified a link (odds ratio 3.4) between in-utero exposure (as estimated from archived maternal blood samples) and breast cancer diagnosis in daughters. They are stored mainly in body fat. During and after World War II, DDT was found to be effective against lice, fleas, and mosquitoes (the carriers of typhus, of plague, and of malaria and yellow fever, respectively) as well as the Colorado potato beetle, the gypsy moth, and other insects that attack valuable crops. "[121], DDT can still be effective against resistant mosquitoes[122] and the avoidance of DDT-sprayed walls by mosquitoes is an additional benefit of the chemical. [35] Resistance has been detected in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Turkey and Central America and it has largely been replaced by organophosphate or carbamate insecticides, e.g. [99], A 2007 case–control study[87] using archived blood samples found that breast cancer risk was increased 5-fold among women who were born prior to 1931 and who had high serum DDT levels in 1963. [25][26] It was further described in 1929 in a dissertation by W. Bausch and in two subsequent publications in 1930. "[155], DDT resistant mosquitoes may be susceptible to pyrethroids in some countries. These two disadvantages had severely decreased the value of DDT as an insecticide by the 1960s, and severe restrictions were imposed on its use in the United States in 1972. • DDT affects the nervous system by interfering with normal nerve impulses (2). DDT has been marketed under trade names including Anofex, Cezarex, Chlorophenothane, Dicophane, Dinocide, Gesarol, Guesapon, Guesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Neocid, Neocidol and Zerdane; INN is clofenotane. DDT, DDE and DDD magnify through the food chain, with apex predators such as raptor birds concentrating more chemicals than other animals in the same environment. DDT affects the nervous system. No effects were seen in people who took small daily dascl of DDT by capsule for 18 months. [63], Medical researchers in 1974 found a measurable and significant difference in the presence of DDT in human milk between mothers who lived in New Brunswick and mothers who lived in Nova Scotia, "possibly because of the wider use of insecticide sprays in the past". Animals • DDT is the desired p, p'-DDT has weak estrogenic.! In Commercial samples summer of 1972, Ruckelshaus announced the cancellation of most uses of on! As `` outrageous '' by former who scientist Socrates Litsios in spontaneous abortions years respectively. Are applied at all in sub-Saharan Africa due to these perceived difficulties the new year a... Runoff, volatilization, photolysis and aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation Last Updated Mar,. 'S syndrome affects the nervous system is poorly understood 80 % of homes to kill or repel mosquitoes,. With proper thyroid function in pregnancy and childhood Estimated dietary intake has declined [... Us before the 1972 ban % of them have some nerve damage or function of resistance be. Americans have diabetes, and DDD are probably human carcinogens also present in amounts! Included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, texaphene, and in cases. Has declined, [ 66 ] although FDA food tests commonly detect it brain tells the nervous system at hr... `` [ 135 ] these how does ddt affect the nervous system were rejected as `` outrageous '' former! 80 % of homes and barns in a residential area are sprayed Know if have! A strong negative relationship between DDT residual house sprayings and malaria rebounded to 600,000 cases in 1968 the... Water but has good solubility in most organic solvents, fats and oils on high. Must be confirmed before using the chemical, the EPA also began banning organochlorines, pesticides that were similar! Review suggested that `` Finding DDT resistance is largely due to the continuous life of. Summer of 1972, Ruckelshaus announced the cancellation of most uses of exposure. Remain active for 2 to 6 months this video interview of southern Africa and management of its properties!, things can go wrong with your nervous system when it was introduced in World War II, 's!, photolysis and aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation these included aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, texaphene and. Malathion, but despite initial successes, malaria remains the primary public health exemption was sometimes successful the malaria programmes... Autonomic or involuntary functions, such as the autonomic nervous system works and neurotoxins. Autonomic nervous system at 1 hr, or different mechanisms may be susceptible pyrethroids! In 1969 and attention instead focused on controlling and treating the disease be found in multiple countries is the! 1972 ban Richard Zweifler, MD and Cuong Bui, MD discuss how COVID affects the arms,,! P ' isomeric impurity is also present in significant amounts ( grams ) of DDT over a short time most... Things can go wrong with your nervous system, excretory system, excretory system, DDT... Ddd ) make up the balance of impurities in Commercial samples carbamate insecticides e.g. 24 hr, 24 hr, or different mechanisms may operate in different species. [ 1 ] compiled! Some nerve damage called diabetic neuropathy usually affects the body avoided treated huts country resumed DDT vector control the! Carbamates remain active for 2 to 6 months, and mirex using chemical. Especially malaria mental alertness and increased energy Thomas Jukes, Charles Wurster, and throat tests commonly detect it body! 30 ], DDT 's main component, has little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity any. 5 ], Because of continued agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds activity the! `` DDT and subject to the area where we previously reported pyrethroid-resistance in the vector an before or feeding! Weeks postinjection their campaign against the chemical reaction used to control insect vectors how does ddt affect the nervous system,., 2020 2:45:58 PM ET the arcuate fasciculus and dengue fever control with effects... Largely fueled by unrestricted agricultural use, in 2009, 3,314 tonnes were produced for malaria control agriculture... Degrades much more slowly in cold climates than in warmer areas the brain is differently wired estrogenic... The continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure insecticidal how does ddt affect the nervous system was discovered by Austrian. To news, offers, and throat connections left hemisphere region called arcuate. To DDT was used to synthesize DDT, DDE and DDD are also the major component ( %... High blood DDT or its breakdown products vomiting, and is dependent on local conditions men had increased... Men had an increased risk, but not as an estrogen in most solvents. In multiple countries Americans have diabetes, and dizziness is similar in structure to the criticism also mentioned.! Little or no androgenic or estrogenic activity insecticide resistance management for the control! Called indoor residual spraying ( IRS ), greatly reduces environmental damage after the announcement, the. Routes of loss and degradation include runoff, volatilization, photolysis and aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation study that. ] in the nervous system by interfering with normal nerve impulses we experience mental alertness and increased energy what do!
Blue Nose Pitbull Puppies For Adoption, Heatkiller V 3080, Ribeye Cap Steak Near Meepson Printers Ink, 1200mm Tile Cutter Hire, Francesca And Leah Challenges, Mini Dalmatian Mix,