[A 1] He was responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Roman Empire's official language. [44], The following year the Muslims launched an offensive into the Arabah south of Lake Tiberias, taking Al Karak. Ardashir III, Heraclius's ally Shahrbaraz, and Khosrow's daughters Boran and Azarmidokht all succeeded to the throne within months of each other. [A 4][77] Of Martina's children at least two were disabled, which was seen as punishment for the illegality of the marriage: Fabius (Flavius) had a paralyzed neck and Theodosios was a deaf-mute. [34] Owing to his role as the Eastern Roman Emperor at the time Islam emerged, he was remembered in Arabic literature, such as the Islamic hadith and sira. As a statesman it is also difficult to think of him as merely a religious fanatic. [73] and it is possible that he and his advisors actually viewed the Muslims as some special sect of Jews.[44]. A month later, Heraclius entered Dastagird with its stupendous treasure. In his analysis, the hoax was designed to serve the political purposes of both Heraclius and his former foe, the Persian general Shahrbaraz.[58]. [50][51] At his request, Pope John IV (640–642) sent Christian teachers and missionaries to Duke Porga and his Croats, who practiced Slavic paganism. Heraclius (Greek: Ἡράκλειος, Iraklios; c. 575 – February 11, 641) was the Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641. By the time of Heraclius's death in Constantinople, on February 11, 641, most of Egypt had fallen as well.[46]. Heraclius, Eastern Roman emperor (610–641) who reorganized and strengthened the imperial administration and the imperial armies but who, nevertheless, lost Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Byzantine Mesopotamia to the Arab Muslims. The effects were revolutionary. [18] In a letter delivered by his ambassadors, Heraclius acknowledged the Persian empire as superior, described himself as Khosrow II's "obedient son, one who is eager to perform the services of your serenity in all things," and even called Khosrow II the "supreme emperor. Most of the inhabitants of these provinces were Monophysites who rejected the Council of Chalcedon. [4], In 608, Heraclius the Elder renounced his loyalty to the Emperor Phocas, who had overthrown Maurice six years earlier. Although Heraclius possessed a deep Christian faith and attributed his successes to God, the once widely accepted view of him as an inspired visionary, who was capable of supreme but spasmodic efforts and wondrous achievements when acting under divine promptings, would appear to be false. In Islamic and Arab histories Heraclius is the only Roman Emperor who is discussed at any length. Soon, Syria and later Egypt fell to the Arabs. Heraclius' younger cousin Nicetas launched an ove… At first, when he was on horseback (shown above), the burden was too heavy, but after he dismounted and removed his crown it became miraculously light, and the barred city gate opened of its own accord. After his troops had fasted and prayed three days, he opened the Bible in their presence, apparently at random, and read a passage that could be interpreted only as a divine command to withdraw. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. Moreover, even though he fostered the crusading spirit, he waged war in a less inhumane manner than most of his contemporaries. Emerging from his tent, Heraclius saw the triumphant Persians crossing the bridge. Owing to his role as the Roman Emperor at the time Islam emerged, he was remembered in Arabic literature, such as the Islamic hadith and sira. His reforms of the government reduced the corruption which had taken hold in Phocas's reign, and he reorganized the military with great success. During his last years, Heraclius seems to have suffered from enlargement of the prostate gland, retention of urine, and a consequent inflammation. [14], Over the following decade the Persians were able to conquer Palestine and Egypt (by mid-621 the whole province was in their hands)[15] and to devastate Anatolia,[A 3] while the Avars and Slavs took advantage of the situation to overrun the Balkans, bringing the Empire to the brink of destruction. Maximus' intended successor was Heraclius, whom Maximus had named upon his death bed, but that Acacius and Cyril deposed Heraclius and made Cyril bishop. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. [71] Furthermore, they argue that any messengers sent by Muhammad to Heraclius would not have received an imperial audience or recognition. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas. Ibn Al-Sakn added that Heraclius phrased it thus: “This man that came out of the land of the Arabs and claimed that he was a prophet.” “ So Abû Sufyân said: I said: ‘I … With a keen sense of reality, he adjusted the empire to the needs of the 7th century, departmentalizing the great state offices and replacing Latin with Greek as the official language. In 608, Heraclius the Elder renounced his loyalty to the Emperor Phocas, who had overthrown Maurice six years earlier. In 634 the Muslims marched into Roman Syria, defeating Heraclius's brother Theodore. Both of these show scenes of Heraclius and Constantine I's mother Saint Helena, traditionally responsible for the excavation of the cross. For the Georgian king, see. His father was a key general during Emperor Maurice's war with Bahram Chobin, usurper of the Sasanian Empire, during 590. Yet there is no known record of the inception of the theme system, and it was rather because of his epic struggle against Persia and his recovery of wood believed to be from Christ’s Cross that Heraclius became a hero of medieval legend. The Heraclians presided over a period of cataclysmic events that were a watershed in the history of the Empire and the world in general. In the first and last years of a long reign, the emperor appears to be the slave of sloth, of pleasure, or of superstition, the careless and impotent spectator of the public calamities. The most frequently mentioned Byzantine emperor in the Arabic-Isla-mic sources is Heraclius, ruler of the empire from 610 to 641. His father, probably of Armenian descent, was governor of the Roman province of Africa when an appeal came from Constantinople to save the Eastern Roman Empire from the terror and incompetence of the emperor Phocas. [4] After the war, Maurice appointed Heraclius the Elder to the position of Exarch of Africa. Heraclius (Latin: Flavius Heraclius Augustus, Greek: Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος ' c. 575 – February 11, 641) was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 610 to 641. [37], Heraclius's defeat of the Persians ended a war that had been going on intermittently for almost 400 years and led to instability in the Persian Empire. [49] The Croats and Serbs of Byzantine Dalmatia initiated diplomatic relations and dependencies with Heraclius. [33] Continuing south along the Tigris he sacked Khosrow's great palace at Dastagird and was only prevented from attacking Ctesiphon by the destruction of the bridges on the Nahrawan Canal. [10] Khosrow had at his court a man who claimed to be Maurice's son Theodosius, and Khosrow demanded that the Byzantines accept this Theodosius as Emperor. [13][35][36], Heraclius took for himself the ancient Persian title of "King of Kings" after his victory. 1060),[59] and then it became popular, especially in France, the Italian Peninsula, and the Holy Roman Empire. In Islamic and Arab histories Heraclius is the only Roman Emperor that is talked of any in any length. [11] Phocas, an unpopular ruler who is invariably described in historical sources as a "tyrant" (in its original meaning of the word, i.e. [42] The first conflict between the Byzantines and Muslims was the Battle of Mu'tah in September 629. [50] The Serbs, who briefly lived in Macedonia, became foederati and were baptized at the request of Heraclius (before 626). In Surah 30, the Qur'an refers to the Roman-Sasanian wars as follows: 30:2 The Romans have been defeated 3 In the nearest land. In the early years of his reign Avars and Bulgars threatened, attacking even Constantinople, and the Persians conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Since the 4th century, when Roman emperors adopted Christianity, they had endeavoured to preserve uniform theological belief and, notably in Egypt, Syria, and Armenia, had persecuted those with differing Christological views. … [72] Outside of Islamic sources there is no evidence to suggest Heraclius ever heard of Islam. [26] Heraclius would stay on campaign for several years. The war had been devastating, and left the Byzantines in a much-weakened state. [69] El-Cheikh notes that these accounts of Heraclius add "little to our historical knowledge" of the emperor; rather, they are an important part of "Islamic kerygma," attempting to legitimize Muhammad's status as a prophet. Heraclius was the eldest son of Heraclius the Elder and Epiphania, of a family of possible Armenian origin from Cappadocia,[A 1][2] with speculative Arsacid descent. [6] He later had the genitalia removed from the body because Phocas had raped the wife of Photius, a powerful politician in the city. As Heraclius approached the Persian capital during the final stages of the war, Khosrow fled from his favourite residence, Dastagird near Baghdad, without offering resistance. Lawrence I. Conrad. Edward Gibbon, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, wrote: Of the characters conspicuous in history, that of Heraclius is one of the most extraordinary and inconsistent. But they, after their defeat, will overcome. The Byzantines were defeated in a great battle on the Yarmuk (636). The Byzantine Empire was taken over by Emperor Heraclius in 610 who ruled until 641. Overlooking their perfidy, he finally made peace with them and was free to take the offensive against the Persians. The rebels issued coins showing both Heraclii dressed as consuls, though neither of them explicitly claimed the imperial title at this time. "—so enraged Heraclius that he beheaded Phocas on the spot. [56] Kavad, however, was mortally ill and was anxious that Heraclius should protect his infant son Ardeshir. Heraclius took for himself the ancient Persian title of "King of Kings", virtually dropping He is also the only one to have enjoyed the overwhelming approval of Muslim chroniclers and historians, who bestow upon him distinguished attri-butes and abilities. After the Monophysite provinces were finally lost to the Muslims, Monotheletism rather lost its raison d'être and was eventually abandoned. In Islamic and Arab histories Heraclius is the only Roman Emperor who is discussed at any length. add example. Owing to his role as the Roman Emperor at the time Islam emerged, he was remembered in Arabic literature , such as the Islamic hadith and sira . [48] Heraclius tried to promote a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism but this philosophy was rejected as heretical by both sides of the dispute. A year later, he had married his niece Martina, thus offending the religious scruples of many of his subjects, who viewed his second marriage as incestuous and Martina as accursed. In October 610 Heraclius dropped anchor off Constantinople, deposed Phocas, and was crowned emperor of a crumbling state, occupied by invaders and wracked with internal dissension. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. Within a few years both empires were overwhelmed by the onslaught of the Arabs, who had become newly united by Islam,[40] ultimately leading to the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian dynasty in 651. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. This way peaceful relations were restored to the two deeply strained empires. Certainly he inspired an oppressed and hopeless people with a new spirit of faith, service, and self-sacrifice; but the man who restored a state that was sinking under the blows of internecine strife and foreign invasion and gave it the strength to withstand Islām’s assaults for four centuries, perhaps even contributing to its survival until 1453, must have had a strong will, great organizing ability, exceptional conciliatory powers, and deep insight into the needs of both state and subjects. [63] Owing to his role as the Roman Emperor at the time Islam emerged, he was remembered in Arabic literature, such as the Islamic hadith and sira. [A 1]He was responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Empire's official language. His attempts at religious harmony failed, but he succeeded in returning the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. Unruly mercenaries were largely replaced by native soldiers with a personal interest in protecting the empire. Indeed, during the four centuries that the theme system remained intact, the empire could be defeated but not conquered. Heraclius again invaded Persia and in December 627, after a march across the Armenian highlands into the Tigris plain, met the Persians near the ruins of Nineveh. Heraclius (hĕrəklī`əs, hĭrăk`lēəs), c.575–641, Byzantine emperor (610–41).The son of a governor of Africa, he succeeded the tyrant Phocas, whom he deposed and had executed. In 626 the Persians advanced to the Bosporus, hoping to join the Avars in an assault on the land walls of Constantinople. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [81] Theodorus had the same treatment but was sent to Gaudomelete (possibly modern-day Gozo Island) with additional instructions to cut off one leg. Heraclius's reign was marked by several military campaigns. (2018). [...] Since the days of Scipio and Hannibal, no bolder enterprise has been attempted than that which Heraclius achieved for the deliverance of the empire. [34], After a tour of the Empire, Heraclius returned the cross to Jerusalem on March 21, 629 or 630. [41], By 629, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad had unified all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, previously too divided to pose a serious military challenge to the Byzantines or the Persians. [5] Heraclius's younger cousin Nicetas launched an overland invasion of Egypt; by 609, he had defeated Phocas's general Bonosus and secured the province. Slavs swarmed over the Balkan Peninsula. Heraclius returned northward, bearing the “holy wood,” once the object of his greatest glory, now the companion of his deepest sorrow. Heraclius exploited divisions within the Persian Empire, keeping Shahrbaraz neutral by convincing him that Khosrow had grown jealous of him and had ordered his execution. His attempts at religious harmony failed, but he succeeded in returning the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. The iconography of the emperor appeared in the sanctuary at Mont Saint-Michel (ca. Jesus, son of Mary, announced you. He had two children with Fabia (Eudoxia Epiphania and Emperor Constantine III) and at least nine with Martina, most of whom were sickly children. He enlarged the Empire, and his reorganization of the government and military were great successes. [citation needed], Local tradition suggests that the Late Antique Colossus of Barletta depicts Heraclius[61], Some scholars disagree with this narrative, Professor Constantin Zuckerman going as far as to suggest that the True Cross was actually lost, and that the wood contained in the allegedly-still-sealed reliquary brought to Jerusalem by Heraclius in 629 was a fake. Despite widespread hatred for Martina in Constantinople, Heraclius took her on campaigns with him and refused attempts by Patriarch Sergius to prevent and later dissolve the marriage.[8]. After violent spasms, he died in February 641, bequeathing the empire to his two elder sons, the consumptive Constantine III of his first marriage and Heracleonas, his son by Martina. [66][67][68], Islamic historians often cite a letter that they claim Heraclius wrote to Muhammad: "I have received your letter with your ambassador and I testify that you are the messenger of God found in our New Testament. [A 2] Thereafter, Khosrow seized the opportunity to attack the Byzantine Empire and reconquer Mesopotamia. United by Islām, the Arabs swept out of their arid homeland into Syria (634). Emperor of the Byzantine Empire who captured Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from Persia but lost them all to an army of Muslim Arabs . [77], Heraclius had at least one illegitimate son, John Athalarichos, who conspired against Heraclius with his cousin, the magister Theodorus, and the Armenian noble David Saharuni. [48], One of the most important legacies of Heraclius was changing the official language of the Empire from Latin to Greek in 610. His mercy contrasted sharply with Khosrow’s acerbity and probably hastened his victory in Persia. It placed the Anatolian provinces under military governors and provided land grants not only for frontier soldiers but also for soldiers and peasants in the interior, on condition of hereditary military service. In Islamic and Arab histories Heraclius is the only Roman Emperor who is discussed at any length. During his Balkan Campaigns, Emperor Maurice and his family were murdered by Phocas in November 602 after a mutiny. Heraclius definition: ?575–641 ad , Byzantine emperor , who restored the Holy Cross to Jerusalem (629) | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples In an effort to placate the Avars, Heraclius met them at Thracian Heraclea (617 or 619). [27][28] On March 25, 624 he again left Constantinople with his wife, Martina, and his two children; after he celebrated Easter in Nicomedia on April 15, he campaigned in the Caucasus, winning a series of victories in Armenia against Khosrow and his generals Shahrbaraz, Shahin, and Shahraplakan. Indeed, in the ensuing hostilities, a pious poet contrasted the dancing girls in the Persian general’s tent with the psalm singers in the Emperor’s. [38][39] The Church of the East (commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process. In 622, clad as a penitent and bearing a sacred image of the Virgin, he left Constantinople, as prayers rose from its many sanctuaries for victory over the Persian Zoroastrians, the recovery of the Cross, and the reconquest of Jerusalem. (1) Narrated 'Abdullah bin 'Abbas: Abu Sufyan bin Harb informed me that heraclius had sent a messenger to him while he had been accompanying a caravan from Quraish. 10.5617/acta.5832. [5], As he approached Constantinople, he made contact with prominent leaders and planned an attack to overthrow aristocrats in the city, and soon arranged a ceremony where he was crowned and acclaimed as Emperor. The Turkic Avars, who ruled over the Slavic and other tribes that occupied the region between the Don and the Alps, exacted tribute. With the Persian war effort disintegrating, Heraclius was able to bring the Gokturks of the Western Turkic Khaganate, under Ziebel, who invaded Persian Transcaucasia. Heraclius (610-641) His Fight Against The Persians and Rise of Arabic Power. Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia. [70], Most scholarly historians view such traditions as "profoundly kerygmatic" and that "enormous difficulties" exist in using these sources for actual history. Flavius Heraclius (Greek: Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος, Flavios Iraklios; c. 575 – February 11, 641) was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 610 to 641. But he was also a cautious and calculating strategist who did not hesitate to employ religion to serve his military ends. Heraclius then asked for the letter that was sent to him by the Prophet and delivered by Dihyah to the Governor of Busraa, who forwarded it to Heraclius to read. Heraclius then wrote a letter to his friend in Rome who was as good as Heraclius in knowledge. 'Heraclius in Early Islamic Kerygma' Edited by Reinink and Stolte. 32 [Of the Serbs and of the country they now dwell in. They sought to capture him, and he rode madly back to Constantinople, hotly pursued. Kiilerich, Bente. Now animated by their conversion to Islam, they comprised one of the most powerful states in the region. Looking back at the reign of Heraclius, scholars have credited him with many accomplishments. Example sentences with "Heraclius", translation memory. Islamic view of Heraclius. "[19] Khosrow II nevertheless rejected the peace offer, and arrested Heraclius' ambassadors. Byzantium withstood Islām’s fierce onslaughts and sheltered Europe’s infant civilization. Updates? [29][30] In the same year the Visigoths succeeded in recapturing Cartagena, capital of the western Byzantine province of Spania, resulting in the loss of one of the few minor provinces that had been conquered by the armies of Justinian I. Corrections? "Heraclius and IshoÊ¿yahb II", https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/477154, "The restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraclius&oldid=993256093, Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars, People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVÄ°A identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 17:05. War, Maurice appointed Heraclius the Elder to the Muslims, who considered it as an outrage international. 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